The Supporting Studies
The science is in the ingredients. Below is the published research behind each active ingredient, plus the research on exposure that explains why we built it. These are independent third-party studies on the ingredients themselves, not studies of rmvd, and not all of them used our exact doses or forms. Every reference below links to the paper itself.
Casella C, et al. (2025). Preliminary Study on PCC-Chitosan's Ability to Enhance Microplastic Excretion in Human Stools from Healthy Volunteers. Foods, 14(13), 2190.
Chitosan · human crossover study, 10 volunteers, single 0.8 g dose with a standardized meal. Fecal microplastic counts rose from 656 to 965 particles, about 45%.
Chitosan · preliminary human study, 10 volunteers, 0.8 g dose. Not a study of rmvd.
doi.org/10.3390/foods14132190
Cornelli U, Belcaro G, Casella C. (2026). Reduction in Circulating Microplastics in Humans Following Gastrointestinal Sequestration by Chitosan: A Pilot Controlled Study. Journal of Xenobiotics, 16(3), 92.
Chitosan · pilot controlled human study with a placebo arm, 11 treated and 10 matched controls, 0.8 g/day for 15 days.
doi.org/10.3390/jox16030092
Liu D, Shimizu M. (2025). Ingesting chitosan can promote excretion of microplastics. Scientific Reports, 15, 14041.
Liu D, Shimizu M. (2025). Ingesting chitosan can promote excretion of microplastics. Scientific Reports, 15, 14041.
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96393-w
Liu D, Morikawa S, Izumi R, Kurozumi S, Kiyose M, Shimizu M. (2026). Effect of different chitosan molecular weights on microplastic excretion. Frontiers in Nutrition, 13, 1869140.
Chitosan · animal study in rats. Medium and high molecular weight chitosan increased fecal microplastic excretion and reduced retention in the gut.
doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1869140
Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ. (2008). Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 27(2), 104–119.
Sodium butyrate · mechanism review. Butyrate is the primary energy source for the cells lining the colon and supports epithelial barrier function.
doi.org/10.3390/foods14132190
Facchin S, Vitulo N, Calgaro M, et al. (2020). Microbiota changes induced by microencapsulated sodium butyrate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 32(10), e13914.
Sodium butyrate · human study of the microencapsulated form, in a patient population.
doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13914
Del Rio EA, Valenzano MC, DiGuilio KM, et al. (2025). Orally Administered Zinc Gluconate Induces Tight Junctional Remodeling and Reduces Passive Transmucosal Permeability Across Human Intestine in a Patient-Based Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8540.
Zinc · human study, 26 mg zinc gluconate twice daily.
doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178540
Sturniolo GC, Di Leo V, Ferronato A, D'Odorico A, D'Incà R. (2001). Zinc supplementation tightens "leaky gut" in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 7(2), 94–98.
Zinc · human study in a Crohn's disease population, measuring intestinal barrier function.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11383597
Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. (2017). Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(12), 1286.
Zinc · mechanism review. The reference behind the normal immune function language on the ingredient card.
doi.org/10.3390/nu9121286
Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Natarajan S, Sivakumar A, Ali F, Pande A, Majeed S, Karri SK. (2016). Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 supplementation in the management of diarrhea predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot clinical study. Nutrition Journal, 15, 21.
LactoSpore · randomized placebo-controlled human study, 36 participants, 2 billion CFU per day. Same strain and same dose used here.
doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0140-6